Lineage of Prophet Muhammad

The field of genealogy has long been acknowledged as one of the most significant and influential organising principles in ancient societies. In history, ancient Arabs have been associated with profound knowledge about lineage and kinship. They are also known for taking infinite pride on purity of blood and noble ancestry (Nasab). Moreover, the Arabs have been known to be excessively fond of prodigious genealogies and often traced their lineage back to Adam . It is a historical fact that no nation, except the Arabs, raised genealogy to the dignified status of a science. ¹

Lineage and genealogy are a medium to infer different attributes and qualities of diverse tribes and families. According to the

this division of nations and tribes is made by so that people and nations may know and recognize one another ² by their unique attributes and qualities, and not show arrogance and pride on the basis of tribal associations.

Muhammad was sent as a model of excellence for mankind in every aspect of life, so his lineage was also unparalleled among the people of the world, ³ both from the paternal and maternal side. ⁴ His lineage, truthfulness, trustworthiness, compassion and clemency were well known and established in the Arabian Peninsula ⁵ at that time and later on, worldwide.

Ancestry of Prophet Muhammad

Prophet Muhammad belonged to the generation of Prophet Ishmael (Ismail) , usually called Banu Ismail (Children of Ishmael). One of the sons of Prophet Ishmael was Qaidar (Kedar), in whose progeny a man named Adnan emerged to prominence, who was the ancestor of Adnanites tribes of Arabia. ⁶ Prophet Muhammad belonged to the Quraysh branch of Adnanites, who were the progenies of Fahr ibn Malik. ⁷

It is authenticated by biographers and genealogists that the lineage of Prophet Muhammad is recorded with utmost authenticity and accuracy till his ancestor Adnan. ⁸ Ibn Kathir states that the genealogy of Muhammad back to Adnan is indisputably clear, as evident as the day break ⁹ which is traced to Adnan passing through twenty ancestors as:

  محمد بن عبد الله ابن عبد المطلب (شيبة) بن هاشم، (عمرو) بن عبد مناف (المغيرة) بن قصي (زيد) بن كلاب بن مرة بن كعب بن لؤي بن غالب بن فهر (قریش) بن مالك بن النضر (قیس) ابن كنانة بن خزيمة بن مدركة، (عامر) بن إلياس بن مضر بن نزار بن معد بن عدنان بن أد (أدد). ¹⁰

  Muhammad ibn Abdullah ibn Abdul-Muttalib (who was called Shaiba) ibn Hashim, (name of Hashim: ‘Amr) ibn ‘Abd Munaf (called Al-Mugheera) ibn Qusai (also called Zaid) ibn Kilab ibn Murra ibn Ka‘b ibn Lu’ayy ibn Ghalib ibn Fahr) called (Quraysh) ibn Malik ibn An-Nadr (called Qais) ibn Kinana ibn Khuzaiman ibn Mudrikah (who was called ‘Amir) ibn Elias ibn Mudar ibn Nizar ibn Ma‘ad ibn ‘Adnan.

It is estimated that Adnan was born in 122 B.C. while Fahr ibn Malik was born in 208 C.E. ¹¹ Historians anticipate that Prophet Abraham (Ibrahim) and Ishmael (Ismail) lived in early Second millennium B.C. ¹² Thus, the estimated time period between Prophet Muhammad and Prophet Abraham is around 2500 years while in between Adnan and Abraham , there is an estimated distance of around 18 centuries.

According to Ibn Saad, Ibn Abbas states that Prophet Muhammad , while mentioning his lineage would stop at his ancestor Adnan and would remark about commonly prevailing genealogical lines between Adnan and Abraham that genealogists have lied about these ancestral lines. ¹³ Furthermore, in contrast, there is another hadith which is quoted by Imam Ahmed ibn Hanbal ¹⁴ Imam Dolabi ¹⁵ and Imam Tirmidhi as well. Imam Tirmidhi states:

  إن الله خلق الخلق فجعلني من خيرهم. ¹⁶

  Indeed, Allah Almighty made all creation, and He put me in the best (group) of them.

A similar Hadith is quoted by Imam Bukhari as well. ¹⁷ This can only be said if the lineage of the person is known and the people of that lineage are well known as well.

The details regarding the lineage of Prophet Muhammad (from Adnan onwards) are also available in the Book of Rukhya ¹⁸ which is also known as Yurakh (Baruch). Yurakh (Baruch) was a scribe of Prophet Jeremiah ¹⁹ and was a famous

. There are various other quotations regarding the number of ancestors between Adnan and Abraham . ²⁰ Some have mentioned forty ancestors between Adnan and Abraham (Ibrahim) while others have mentioned as less as only five ancestors between them. However, the most appropriate narration is that there were 40 ancestors between Adnan and Abraham . Different narrations regarding the ancestors between Abraham and Adnan are as follows:

  عدنان بن اد بن أدد بن الهميسع بن عابر بن صلح بن نبت بن إسماعيل بن إبراهيم. ²¹

  Adnan ibn Ud ibn Al-Hamyisa’ ibn Aabir ibn Sulah ibn Nabt ibn Ismail ibn Ibrahim.

  ...عدنان بن أدد بن أيتحب بن أيوب بن قيذر بن إسماعيل بن إبراهيم.²²

  Adnan ibn Udud ibn Aythab ibn Ayyub ibn Qaidar ibn Ismail ibn Ibrahim.

  عدنان بن أدد بن مقدم بن ناحور بن تيرح بن يعرب بن يشجب ابن نابت بن إسماعيل بن إبراهيم. ²³

  Adnan Ibn Udud Ibn Muqdam Ibn Nahur Ibn Teerh Ibn Ya’rab Ibn Yashjab Ibn Nabt Ibn Ismail Ibn Ibrahim.

  عدنان بن أد بن أدد بن إليسع بن الهميسع بن نبت بن حلمان بن حمل بن قيدر ويقال قيدار بن إسماعيل بن إبراهيم.²⁴

  Adnan ibn Ud ibn Udud ibn Ilyasa ibn Al-Hamyisa’ ibn Nabt ibn Hilman ibn Haml ibn Qedar also called Kedaar ibn Ismail ibn Ibrahim.

  عدنان بن ميدع بن منيع بن أدد بن كعب بن يشجب بن يعرب بن الهميسع بن قيذر بن إسماعيل بن إبراهيم.²⁵

  Adnan ibn Maida’ ibn Munee’ ibn Udud ibn Ka’b ibn Yashjab ibn Ya’rb ibn Al-Hamyisa’ ibn Qiadar ibn Ismail ibn Ibrahim.

These narrations are not considered to be accurate because there is a difference of around 1800 years between Abraham and Adnan, and it is impossible that there were only 10-15 ancestors between them. The complete lineage from Adnan till Adam is mentioned as:

  عدنان بن أدد بن هميسع- وهميسع هو سلمان وهو أمين- ابن هميتع- وهو هميدع وهو الشاجب ابن سلامان- وهو منجر، وهو نبيت بن عوص- وهو ثعلبة ابن بورا- وهو بوز ابن شوحا وهو سعد رجب، ابن يعمانا- وهو قموال ابن كسدانا- وهو محلم ذو العين- ابن حرانا- وهو العوام- ابن بلداسا- وهو المحتمل- ابن بدلانا- وهو يدلاف، وهو رائمه- ابن طهبا- وهو طالب، وهو العيقان- ابن جهمي- وهو جاحم، وهو علة- ابن محشي- وهو تاحش، وهو الشحدود- ابن معجالي- وهو ماخي، وهو الظريب خاطم النار- ابن عقارا- وهو عافي، وهو عبقر أبو الجنابن عاقاري- وهو عاقر، وهو إبراهيم جامع ابن بيداعى- وهو إسماعيل ذو المطابخ، ابن ابداعي- وهو عبيد وهو يزن الطعان، ابن همادي وهو حمدان، وهو إسماعيل ذو الأعوج ابن بشماني- وهو بشين وهو المطعم في المحل- ابن بثراني- وهو بثرم، وهو الطمح- ابن بحرانى- وهو يحزن، وهو القسور- ابن نلحانى، وهو يلحن، وهو العنود- ابن رعواني- وهو رعوي، وهو الدعدع- ابن عاقاري- وهو عاقر- ابن داسان، وهو الزائد- ابن عاصار- وهو عاصر، وهو النيدوان ذو الأندية، بن القادور إلى بني جاوان- ابن القادور ثم رجع إليهم ثانية- ابن قنادي- وهو قنار، وهو إيامة بن ثامار، وهو بهامي، وهو دوس العتق، وهو دوس أجمل الخلق، بن فالج وقطورا، ابن مقصر- وهو مقاصري، وهو حصن، ابن سمي- وهو سما، وهو المجشر ابن مزرا- ويقال مرهر- ابن صنفا، وهو السمر، وهو الصفي ابن جعثم- وهو عرام، وهو النبيت، وهو قيذر، ابن إسماعيل صادق الوعد، ابن ابراهيم خليل الرحمن بن تارخ ابن ناحور بن ساروع بن ارغوا ابن بالغ فهو فالج بن عابر بن شالح بن ارفخشد بن سام بن نوح ابن لمك بن متوشلخ بن أخنوخ، وهو إدريس ابن يرد ابن مهلائيل بن قينان بن انوش ابن شيث وهو هبه الله ابن آدم.²⁶

  Adnan ibn Udad ibn Hamyisa’ (Suleyman) ibn Hamtiya’ (Hamida’) ibn Salaman (Munjar Nabiyat) ibn Naybat ibn A’ud (Tha’laba) ibn Bora (Bore) ibn Shokha (Saad Rajab) ibn Lahmama (Qamwal/Marmah Al-Nasib) ibn Kisdana (Mahlam Zu Al-Ain) ibn Harama (Awam) ibn Buldan (Muhtamal) ibn Budlana (Yadlaf/Raima) ibn Tuhba (Tahib/Eeqan) ibn Jahmi (Jahim/Hila) ibn Muhshi (Tahish/Shahdud) ibn Mu’jali (Mahi/Zuraib) ibn U’qara (A’afi Abqari Abu Al-Jin) ibn A’aqari (A’aqir Ibrahim) ibn Suda’i (Zu Al-Mutanaj) ibn Abda’ai (Ubaid Yazn Al-Ta’an) ibn Hamadi (Hamdan Ismail Zu Al-A’waj) ibn Bashmani (Lasheen) ibn Bathrabi (Bathram) ibn Yakhrani (Yakhran) ibn Yalhani (Yalhan) ibn Ra’wani ibn A’aqari (A’aqir) ibn Masan (Zaaid) ibn A’asar (A’asir) ibn Qanadi (Qanad) ibn Thamar (Bahami Dos Al-Itaq) ibn Maq’a (Maqasi) ibn Zarah (Qameer) ibn Summa (Mujshar) ibn Muzra (Marmar) ibn Siqa (Samar) ibn Ja’tham (Qedar) ibn Ishmael ibn Ibrahim ibn Terah (Taruh) ibn Nahur ibn Serug ibn Arghuban ibn Peleg (Baligh) ibn Eber (Aabir) ibn Salah (Shalikh) ibn Arpachshad ibn Shem (Sam) ibn Noah ibn Lamech (Lamek) ibn Methusaleh (Metushalech) ibn Enoch (Echnoch/Idrees) ibn Yard (Yarid) ibn Mahalalil ibn Qenan ibn Atush ibn Seth (Sheesh) ibn Adam.

Though, different accounts of the lineage of Adnan have been recorded by historians and biographers but it is an established fact that Adnan was a prominent person from Prophet Ishmael’s progeny and his lineage reached Prophet Ishmael (Ismail) through a chain of several ancestors. Some differences are found in their names, ²⁷ but they are due to the fact that these names were translated from a different language and different people translated the names in a different manner.

Additionally, this lineage of Prophet Muhammad has been provided by

, and it is authenticated by the poetry of the ancient Arabs. Furthermore, that lineage is also endorsed by a large group of people from the Arab tribes ²⁸ who were experts and pioneers in the field of genealogy. Imam Sahar states that the Yemenite Arabs considered a lineage to be reliable if it was proven from the records of the kings and from the poetry of the ancient people. ²⁹

From the evidence provided above, it becomes clear that the lineage of Prophet Muhammad is best preserved amongst all humans. It also becomes evident that Prophet Muhammad was a descendant of Prophet Abraham , via his son Ishmael , through his descendant Adnan. Though there are differences in names and numbers of the descendants in between Ishmael and Adnan yet, it is unanimously agreed among the historian and scholars, and was established among the Arabs that, Adnan was a noble person from Abrahamic ancestry. ³⁰ The descendants of Adnan are mostly the Northern Arabs, including the well-known tribes as the Thaqif, Tamim, Kinanah and most importantly the Quraysh. ³¹

Significance of Prophet Muhammad’s Lineage

While talking to the Ethiopian King Negus, Ja'far ibn Abu Talib mentioned one of the reasons of believing in Muhammad . He stated that,

sent us a prophet, of our own people, whose lineage, honesty, devotion, and transparency were well known to us. Ibn Hisham quotes Ja'far’s words as:

  بعث الله إلينا رسولا منا، نعرف نسبه وصدقه وأمانته وعفافه. ³²

  Allah sent a messenger towards us, whose lineage, truthfulness, honesty, and purity we know.

It is also narrated that Prophet Muhammad stated the following regarding the significance of his lineage:

  إن الله اصطفى كنانة من ولد إسماعيل، واصطفى قريشا من كنانة، واصطفى هاشما من قريش، واصطفاني من بني هاشم. ³³

  Verily, Allah chose Kinanah from the sons of Ishmael, then he chose the Quraysh from Kinanah, then he chose the tribe of Hashim from the Quraysh, then he chose me from the tribe of Hashim.

All of his ancestors, both men and women, were the best of their nations in character, nobleness, dignity and piety. Ali ibn Abi Talib narrates that the Holy Prophet , while stating his lineage said that all his ancestors in all the generations, only established their relations with legal marriages (Nikkah). None of them, from Adam till Abdullah ever indulged in incest, adultery or any other type of illegal relation. ³⁴ Prophet Muhammad affirmed that his nation, tribe, family and house were the best among all creation. Al-Tirmidhi records the statement of the Holy Prophet as:

  إن الله خلق الخلق فجعلني من خيرهم من خير فرقهم وخير الفريقين، ثم تخير القبائل فجعلني من خير قبيلة، ثم تخير البيوت فجعلني من خير بيوتهم، فأنا خيرهم نفسا، وخيرهم بيتا. ³⁵

  Indeed, Allah created the creation, and He put me in the best (group) of them, then He made them into two groups, so He put me in the best collection of them, then He arranged them into tribes, so He put me in the best of them in tribe, then He made them into houses, so He put me in the best of them in kinfolk and lineage.

This hadith highlights the fact that all the ancestors in lineage of Prophet Muhammad were monotheist believers as well as the noble human beings of their era. This is supported by Al-Zurqani, who quotes a narration which states that Prophet Muhammad’s seed was always transferred from the purified men to the wombs of the purified women. ³⁶

Qadi Ayyad elucidates that the Light of the Holy Prophet (Nur) was always kept in noble and pure humans. Narrating from Ibn Umar , he cites that Prophet Muhammad’s Nur (light) was kept in Sulb (loins) of Adam when he descended to Earth. Then after passing many generations, it reached the Sulb of Idris and then the Sulb of Noah (Nuh) . From Noah , it transferred to Shem (Sam), and through his descendants, reached Abraham . In this way, this light of Muhammad transferred from Adam and Eve (Hawwa) to Abdullah and Aaminah . ³⁷

The dignity and nobility of the lineage of Prophet Muhammad was so established and recognised in Arabia that, even his bitter opponents acknowledged its dignity. One of these opponents was Abu Sufiyan ibn Harb, who, before his acceptance of Islam, affirmed in the court of Heraclius, the Roman Emperor that Muhammad was the noblest amongst them. When Heraclius asked Abu Sufiyan ibn Harb about Prophet Muhammad’s lineage, he replied that Muhammad was pure and had the best lineage. ³⁸ It is reported that, Heraclius asked Abu Sufiyan many questions about Prophet Muhammad . When he had listened to all the answers of Abu Sufiyan then, he commented on every question and answer took place during this session. Heraclius stated the following about the lineage of Muhammad :

  ...إني سألتك عن نسبه فيكم فزعمت أنه ذو نسب، وكذلك الرسل تبعث في نسب قومها... ³⁹

  Surely! I asked you about his lineage amongst you as I thought he must be the noblest of lineage. And that was so because Prophets are only sent amongst the noblest people of the nation.

Another opponent of Prophet Muhammad was `Utbah ibn Rabi'ah, one of the eminent leaders of Quraysh tribe. He was sent by the Quraysh to Prophet Muhammad at the early stage of his call, with a number of alternative offerings from the Quraysh in exchange for leaving his mission. When he approached the Holy Prophet and started his conversation, he acknowledged the fact that Prophet Muhammad was the one who undoubtedly enjoys, great eminence and noble lineage among the Quraysh. ⁴⁰

Thus, the nobility of Prophet Muhammad’s lineage was even accepted by his lifelong enemies and it was so established and recognised that they could not deny the fact that the Holy Prophet was the best among them, both by character and lineage.

 

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